prisons have been previously incarcerated. 3 Moreover, the majority of people in U.S. The most serious offense for the remainder is property offenses (16 percent), drug offenses (13 percent), or other offenses (13 percent generally, weapons, driving offenses, and supervision violations). are serving a prison sentence for a violent offense (58 percent). Consequently, a majority of people incarcerated in the U.S. will continue to use incarceration as a sanction for criminal behavior at a much higher rate than in other Western countries, in part because of our higher rate of violent offenses. Thus, we are likely to see a dramatic reduction in the prison population when the data are tabulated for 2020. 2 With the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, criminal justice reformers have urged a continued focus on reducing prison populations and many states are permitting early releases of nonviolent offenders and even closing prisons. has seen a steady decline in the federal and state prison population over the last eleven years, with a 2019 population of about 1.4 million men and women incarcerated at year-end, hitting its lowest level since 1995. We focus on short-, medium-, and long-term recommendations to begin implementing this model and initiate reforms for the organizational structure of prisons. Behavior change requires changing thinking patterns and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based strategy that can be utilized in the prison setting. This new approach promotes new ways of thinking and behaving for both incarcerated persons and correctional staff. In this chapter, we rethink the treatment environment of the prison by highlighting strategies for developing cognitive behavioral communities in prison-immersive cognitive communities. For many, these are not only name changes but shifts in policy and practice. For example, California has rebranded their state corrections division and renamed it the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Policy change within institutions has to begin at the state level through the departments of corrections. 1 This suggest that states are an essential unit of analysis in understanding the far-reaching effects of imprisonment and the site of potential solutions. facilities are owned and operated by states. While much of the policy debate and public attention of prisons focuses on private facilities, roughly 83 percent of the more than 1,600 U.S. Prison culture and environment are essential to public health and safety.
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